Understanding Formal Speech in Japanese
In Japanese, we use different levels of politeness when we speak to others. This is called 'keigo' (敬語), and it helps us show respect. There are three main types of keigo: sonkeigo (respectful language), kenjougo (humble language), and teineigo (polite language). Today, we will learn about teineigo, which is the most common form of formal speech.
Teineigo: The Polite Language
Teineigo is used to show politeness and is often used when talking to people we don't know well or when in formal settings. It is important to use this form to be respectful.
Important Points
- Verbs: Add 'ます' (masu) to the verb stem to make it polite.
- Nouns and adjectives: Add 'です' (desu) to make them polite.
- Questions: Add 'か' (ka) at the end of the sentence to turn it into a question.
Examples
- 食べる -> 食べます (eat -> eat politely)
- これは本です (This is a book)
- 行きますか? (Are you going?)
Sonkeigo: Respectful Language
Sonkeigo is used to show respect to others, especially those who are older or of higher status. It changes the form of verbs and often uses special respectful verbs.
Important Points
- Use special respectful verbs like 'いらっしゃる' (irassharu) instead of 'いる' (iru) for 'to be'.
- Change verbs by adding 'お' or 'ご' before the verb stem and 'になる' after.
Examples
- 先生がいらっしゃいます (The teacher is here)
- お帰りになる (to return respectfully)
Kenjougo: Humble Language
Kenjougo is used to humble yourself or your group when talking about actions related to you or your group. It shows respect by lowering your own position.
Important Points
- Use humble verbs like '参る' (mairu) instead of '行く' (iku) for 'to go'.
- Add 'お' or 'ご' before the verb stem and 'する' after to make it humble.
Examples
- 私は参ります (I will go humbly)
- お待ちします (to wait humbly)
Remember, using the right level of politeness is important in Japanese. Practice by using teineigo in everyday situations and learn sonkeigo and kenjougo for special occasions.