Understanding Lithuanian Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are words that replace nouns and refer to people or things. In Lithuanian, like in English, these pronouns change based on who or what you are talking about.
Important Points
- Lithuanian personal pronouns change based on the case they are in.
- There are several cases in Lithuanian: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative, and Vocative.
- Pronouns also change based on the number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine).
The nominative case is used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. It tells us who is doing the action.
Examples
- Aš einu į mokyklą.
- Tu esi mano draugas.
- Jis yra mokytojas.
The genitive case shows possession or relationship. It often answers the question 'whose?'.
Examples
- Tai yra mano knyga.
- Aš laukiu tavo atsakymo.
- Jo automobilis yra naujas.
The dative case is used to indicate the indirect object of a verb. It answers the question 'to whom?' or 'for whom?'.
Examples
- Aš duodu jam dovaną.
- Ji parašė laišką tau.
- Mes padedame jai.
The accusative case is used for the direct object of a verb. It answers the question 'whom?' or 'what?'.
Examples
- Aš matau tave.
- Ji turi jį.
- Mes mylime juos.
The instrumental case describes the means or instrument by which an action is performed.
Examples
- Aš rašau plunksna.
- Jis kalba mikrofonu.
- Mes važiuojame automobiliu.
The locative case indicates the location or place where an action occurs.
Examples
- Aš esu namuose.
- Ji yra mieste.
- Mes susitinkame kavinėje.
The vocative case is used when directly addressing someone or calling out to them.
Examples
- Jonai, ateik čia!
- Maryte, ar girdi mane?
- Labas, drauge!